THE SUMMARY OF 2014 BIOLOGY PRACTICALS SPECIMEN & EXPECTED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
SPECIMEN A: YOUNG MAIZE PLANT
+ SOIL REQUIREMENT: well drained loam and silt loam with fine tilth.
+ METHOD OF PROPAGATION: It is propagated by seed +planted manually, mechanically
+VARIETIES/TYPES: dent,flint,sweet,flour,pop corn
+CLIMATIC REQUIRMENT: (20degreec-30degreec)
+RAINFALL OF 760mm-1520mm per annum is used
SPECIMEN B: MALE FLOWERS OF MAIZE PLANT
+ It’s also called:”TASSEL”,is failrly compact and much branched. the
main axis carries spikelets and these consist of one SESSILE and
PEDICEL. each flower is composed of an oval,concave lemma enclosing a
membranous palea with the three stamens and two lodicules. when the
flower matures, the anthers are exposed. the anthers may be purple,pink
or yellow.
SPECIMEN C: FEMALE FLOWERS OF MAIZE PLANT
+ It’s also known as the COB or EAR. Is has a modified lateral branch
derived from an auxilliary bud of the main stem. the husk of the female
inflorescence is formed from modified leaves and this gives protection
to the flowers and the developing seeds. the ovary is surmounted by a
long style, the silk of which emerges from the top of the husk.
pollination is by means of wind and gravity,the grains are more pointed
at the end where it is attached to the cob. they are made up of ovary,
style and stigma.
SPECIMEN D: MAIZE GRAIN
+ BOTANICAL NAME: Zea Mays
+ AGRICULTURAL CLASSIFICATION:Cereals/Grains Crop
+ PEST THAT ATTACK IT: Maize weevils and borers
USES OF SPECIMEN D
+ It is used to feed Livestocks
+ It can be by man eaten when boiled.
+ It can be processed into Palp
+ It can be fried into pop-corn
+ It Can Be Planted again when dried.
WAYS OF CONTROLLING PEST THAT ATTACKS SPECIMEN D
+EXCLUSION METHOD/FUMIGANT
+IRRADATION
+CHEMICAL DUSTING/SEED DRESSING
+PHYSICAL CONTROL
+DEEP FREEZING/RE FREGRATION
DISADVANTAGES OF THE CONTROL MEASURE
+AIR POLLUTION
+FOOD POISONING
+REDUCE VIABILITY
DISEASES OF MAIZE
+MAIZE RUST
+LEAF BLITH
+MAIZE STREA
+MAIZE SMUT
+LEAF SPOT
CLASSIFICATION OF MAIZE PLANT
+KINGDON:PLANTAE
+PHYLUM:DIVISION(PLANT)
+ORDER:POALES
+FAMILY:POACEAE
+SUB FAMILY:PANI COIDEAE
+TRIBE:ANDROPOGONEAE
+GENUS:ZEA
+SPERMATOPHHYTA:ANGLOSPERM
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SPECIMEN B&C
=> UNDER SPECIMEN B:
+IT HAS A MATURE MAIZE FLOWER CALLED (TASSEL)
+TASSEL IS FAIRLY COMPACT AND MUCH BRANCHED
+THE ANTHERS MAY BE PURPLE,PINK OR YELLOW
+MAIZE POLLEN(ANEMOPHILOUS) ARE DISPERSED BY WIND
=> UNDER SPECIMEN C:
+IT HAS A MATURE MAIZE FLOWER CALLED (EAR OR COB)
+IT COB HAS A MODIFIED LATERAL BRANCH
+THE EARS IN MAIZE FLOWER(WHITE,GREEN,RED AND YELLOW)
+POLLINATION IS BY MEANS OF WIND AND GRAVITY.
+MAIZE GRAIN: IS A MONOCOTYLEDONOUS AND ENDOSPERMIC SEED. IT IS TRIANGULAR IN SHAPE.
SPECIMMEN E: GUINEA RAT(FRESHLY WET PRESERVED)
CHARACTERISTICS OF MAMMALS:
+THEY ARE HOMOIOTHERMIC OR WARM BLOODED
+THEIR BODIES ARE COVERED WITH HAIRS
+THEY HAVE HETERODONT DENTITION
+THEIR INTERNAL CARVITY IS DIVIDED INTO CHE AND ABDOMEN BY A MUSCULAR DIAGHRAGM
+THEY HAVE LUNGS WHICH ARE USED FOR GASEOUS EXCHANGE
+THEY HAVE TWO PAIRS OF LIMBS
+THE SKIN CONTAINS GLANDS E.G (SWEAT,SEBAOEOUS AND MOMMARY GLANDS)
+PRODUCTION IS SEXUAL AND FERTILIZATION IS INTERNAL
+THEY HAVE VIVIPAROUS MODE OF REPRODUCTION
+THEY HAVE A FOUR-CHAMBERED HEART
+THEY HAVE EXTERNAL EARS CALLED PINNAE
LEVELS OF ORGANISATION OF LIFE
+FIRST LEVEL:CELLS
+SECOND LEVEL:TISSUE
+THIRD LEVEL:ORGANS
+FOURTH LEVEL:SYSTEM
THE CLASSIFICATION OF MAMMALS
+KINGDOM:ANIMALIA
+PHYLUM:CHORDATA
+CLASS:MAMMALIA
+ORDER:
SPECIMEN F(DOMESTIC FOWL)
+ SPACIMEN F (DOMESTIC FOWL)IS A POULTRY ANIMAL.
IN POULTRY MANAGEMENT:
WE HAVE:
+INTENSIVE SYSTEM
+SEMI-INTENSIVE
+EXTENSIVE SYSTEM
- FEEDING: THEY HAVE SIMPLE STOMACH WITHOUT
TEETH,THEY FEED CONSTANTLY i.e EVERYTIME AND ANYTIME OF THE DAY. THEIR
FEED MAY BE RICH IN PROTEIN,VITAMINS AND MINERAL SALTS. THERE MUST BE
REGULAR SUPPLY OF CLEAN WATER
HYGIENE IN POULTRY
+ USE OF DISINFECTANT AND INSECT REPELL
+ BURN AND BURY DEAD BIRDS
+ REGULAR CLEANING OF THE FEEDING AND WATERING TROUGHS
+ REMOVE ALL WET LITTER FROM THE FLOOR
+ VACCINATE THE HEN AGAINST DISEASES LIKE- NEWCASTLE, FOWLBOX AND GUMBOX
+ PARASITES (BOTH INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL MUST BE CONTROLLED
+ CONSULT VETENNARY EXPERT ON HYGIENE PROBLEM
SPECIMEN G: MUD WASP
CLASSIFICATION OF WASP
+KINGDOM:ANIMALIA
+PHYLUM:ARTHROPODA
+CLASS:INSECTA
+ORDER:HYMENOPTERA
+METAMORPHOSIS:COMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS
-WASP: IT IS A SOCIAL WINGED INSECT WHICH HAS A
NARROW WAIST AND A STING-YELLOW AND BLACK STRIPES. THIS WASP GROUP IS
NAMED FOR THE NESTS THAT ARE MADE FROM MUD COLLECTED BY THE FEMALES.
+FAMILY:SPHECIDAE
SPECIMEN L:(FRESHLY UPROOTED GRASS SPECIES)
-GRASSLAND IS A PLANT COMMUNITY IN WHICH GRASS SPECIES ARE DOMINANNT WITH SHORT BUT SCATTERED TREES AND SHRUBS
+KINGDOM:PLATAE
+SPERMATOPHYTA: ANGROSPERM
+MONOCOTYLEDON PLANT
+ORDER:POALES
+FAMILY:POACEAE
+THE GRASS FAMILY: (CEREAL GRAINS, CORN,SORGHUM,MILLETS,AND PASTURE GRASSES)
CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECIMEN L
+ LEAF SHAPE,LEAF MARGINS AND VARIATION
+LEAF STRUCTURE (SIMPLE OR COMPOUND)
+FLOWER STRUCTURE, COLOUR AND SIZE
+INFLORESCENCE (ARRANGEMENT OF FLOWERS)
+ROOTS, RHIZOMES, AND OTHER UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE
+HABIT OF GROWTH (ERECT,PROSTRATE,CLIMBING)
DISTRIBUTION OF PLANT SPECIES IN THE GRASSLAND
-ACACIA,
-ELEPHANT GRASS,
-GUINEA GRASS,
-SHEAR BUTTER
ADAPTIVE FEATURE OF PLANT IN THE GRASSLAND
-SPEAR GRASS HAS A RHIZOME WHICH HELPS THE PLANT TO WITHSTAND INTENSE HEAT
-ACACIA HAS LONG ROOTS TO SEARCH FOR WATER
-BAOBAB TREE HAS BROAD AND SUCCULENT STEM TO STORE EXCESS WATER
-ELEPHANT GRASS: IT HAS SUCCULENT STEM TO STORE EXCESS WATER AGAINST DRY SEASON
PALM: THIS PLANT HAS THICK BBARK WHICH PROTECT IT FROM BEING SEVERELLY BURNT
FOOD CHAIN IN A GRASSLAND HABITAT
GRASS—GRASSHOPPERS—LIZARDS—SNAKE
CLIMATIC FACTORS AFFECTING GRASSLAND
+HIGH TEMPERATURE
+FERTILE SOIL
+LOW RELATIVE HUMILITY
+LIGHT INTENSITY
+MODERATE RAINFALL
SPECIMEN M:(FRESHLY KILLED GRASSHOPPER)
+PHYLUM:ARTHRODA
+CLASS:INSECTA
+ORDER:ORTHOPTERA
+METAMORPHOSIS:INCOMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS
+HABITAT:GRASSLAND/SAVANNAL FARMS
+KINGDOM:ANIMALIA
+SKELETON:EXOSKELETON(MADE OF CHIT)
CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECIMEN(M)
+GENERALLY LARGE
+USUALLY HERBIVOROUS
+HING LEGS
+AUDITORY ORGANS
ECONOMICS IMPORTANCE OF SPECIMEN M
+SOURCES OF FOODS FOR MAN
+REDUCTION OF CROP YEILDS
+PEST OF PLANT/DESTRUCTION OF LEAVE
ADAPTIVE FEATURES OF SPECIMEN M
+COLOUR BLENDS WITH VEGETATION
+POWERFUL LIMBS FOR HOPPPING
+WINGS FOR FLYING
+CHEWING MOUTH PARTS
+HARDENED FOREWINGS
+COPOUND EYES FOR WIDER VISION
+SPIRACLES FOR GASEOUS EXCHANGE
SPECIMEN N: MUSHROOM
+KINGDOM:FUNGI
+PHYLUM:BASIDIOMYCOTA
+CLASS:HOMOBASIDIOMYCETAE
+ORDER:AGARICALES
+FAMILY:AMANIT
CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECIMEN N
-THEY ARE SIMPLE MULTICELLULAR ORGANS ARE: FUNGI AND NON GREEN PLANTS AND EUCARYOLES
-THEY HAVE NO TRUE ROOTS, STEMS AND LEAVES
-THEY ARE MAINLY SAPROPHYTES WHILE OTHERS PARASITICS
-THE VEGETATIVE PLANT BODY IS MADE OF FINE AND DELICATE THREADS CALLED HYPH
-THEY REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY BY MEANS OF SPORES
-THEY ARE MAINLY FOUND IN MOIST ENVIRONMENT
-EXAMPLES ARE: RHIZOPUS, MUCOR
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SPECIMEN L&N
=> UNDER SPECIMEN L:
-THE KINGDON HERE IS PLANTAE
-THEY ARE FOUND ON GRASSLAND
-THEY HAVE LEAF MARGINS
-THEY HAVE ROOT
-THEY HAVE THICK BARK STEM
-THEY HAVE INFLORESCENCE FLOWER
=> UNDER SPECIMEN N:
-THE KINGDOM HERE IS FUNGI
-THEY ARE FOUND ON DECAYED WOOD
-ABSENT OF LEAF AND MARGINS -NO TRUE ROOT
-THEY HAVE DELICATE THREADS
-THEY HAVE NO FLOWER
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SPECIMEN E & M
=> UNDER SPECIMEN E:
-THEY FALL INTO MAMMALIA AS THEIR CLASS
-USE OF LUNG FOR THEIR GASEOUS EXCHANGE
-NO WINGS FOR MOVEMENT
=> UNDER SPECIMEN M:
-INSECTA AS CLASS
-USE OF SPIRACLES FOR GASEOUS EXCHANGE
-PRESENT FOR MOVEMENT.
THE SUMMARY OF 2014 PHYSICS PRACTICALS SPECIMEN & EXPECTED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
NOTE
^ Means
Raise To Power.
Eg:
2^4 Means
2 raise to power 4.
L^-2 means
L raise to power -2(minus two)
-COMMA MEANS
NEXT LINE.
Eg:
x: 4,2,3,4,5 means that you
draw a table, then under x, you will get 4, under 4 is 2, under 2 is 3, under 3 is 4 and so on.
QUESTION 1 Reading:
S/n: 1,2,3,4,5,6
L(cm): 150.0,120.0,100.0,80.0,60.0,40.0
t(sec): 4.800,4.100,3.300,2.600,1.900,1.200
t^-1(Sec^-1): 0.208,0.244,0.303,0.385,0.526,0.833
t^2(sec^2): 23.40,16.81,10.89,6.76,3.61,1.44
L/t^2(m/s^2): 6.510,7.139,9.183,11.83,16.6,27.7
Precautions:
- I ensured the experiment was not affected by air interference when determining the balance points
- I ensured the mass roll down freely as being influenced under gravity
- I ensured that the readings were taken without any error
FORCE OF GRAVITY: The total gravitational force
which acts on a body and so enables it,in turn to exert an equal force
on its support DISPLACEMENT: This Is defined as the distance moved in a
specified direction
NEWTONIAN MECHANICS:
This is defined as the rate of change of distance moved with time in a specified direction or rate of change of displacement
UNIFORM VELOCITY: A body moved with uniform velocity if its rate of change of distance moved with time in a specified direction is constant
ACCELERATION: This is defined as the rate of change of velocity with time
INERTIA: The tendency of a body to remain at rest or if moving,to continue its motion in a straight line
UNIFORM ACCERATION: A body moved with uniform acceleration,if its rate of change of velocity with time in a specified direction is constant
DECCELERATION: A decreasing velocity or slowing down is usually called retardation.
QUESTION 2 Readings:
S/n: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
D: 100,90,80,70,60,50,40
D^2: 10000,8100,6400,4900,3600,2500,1600
X1: 80.60,70.20,59.10,47.80,29.00,20.35,9.16
X2: 18.30,19.00,20.00,22.00,7.60,4.50,1.02.
L (X1-X2): 62.20,51.20,39.10,24.70,21.40,15.85,8.14
PRECAUTIONS:
-i ensured parallax when reading the metre rule.
-i ensured that the intensity or source of light was maintained.
Expected Question: An illuminated object is placed
on the axis of a converging lens and a magnified image is obtained on
the screen. If the distance of the image from the lens is 45cm and the
magnification is 2,cal the focal length of lens.
SOLUTION:
V=45.00cm
m=2 u=?
M=v/u=45/2
22.5cm
F=uv/v+u
22.5*45.00/22.5+45.00
=1012.5/67.5
=15cm
QUESTION 3 Readings:
S/n: 1,2,3,4,5
L1: 20,40,60,80,100
L2: 10,15,25,35,45
I1(A): 0.50,0.40,0.32,0.22,0.14
I2(A): 0.58,0.53,0.45,0.41,0.37
I1^-1: 0.20,2.50,3.13,4.55,7.143
I2^1: 1.724,1.890,2.22,2.44,2.70
PRECAUTIONS:
-I will ensure that the key is opened when no reading is taken to avoid battery wastage.
-I ensured tight connection
-I ensured error due to parallax when taking reading from the ameter
-i will ensure that the circuit element are tightly connected to ensure accurate result
WHAT NEED TO KNOW: -
Electromotive force is the potential difference between the terminals of a cell when no current is flowing in the circuit.
THE SUMMARY OF 2014 CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS SPECIMEN & EXPECTED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Volumetric Analysis
Plausible formulae to be used
CA=Concentration of an acid
CB=Concentration of a base
VA=volume of an acid
VB=volume of a base
na=number of mole of an acid
nb=number of mole of a base
CAVA/CBVB=na/nb
Mole=Given mass/molar mass
Mole=conc*volume/1000
Given mass/molar mass=conc*volume/1000
Conc in moldm^-3=Conc in gdm^-3/molar mass
% purity=pure/impure*100%
Titration Equation.
2HCL+Na2CO3——>2Nacl+H2O+CO2
Tabulate
Burrette Reading (cm^3)|1st titre|2nd titre|3rd titre
Final burette reading:23.20|33.10|43.10
Initial burette reading:0.00|10.00|20.00
Volume of acid used:23.20|23.10|23.10
Average titre value=23.10+23.10/2
=46.20/2
=23.10cm^3
VA=23.10cm^3.
Quantitative Analysis
Tabulate: Test| Observation| inference
(I)
-Under test: C+H20
-Under observation: Dissolves to give colourless solution
-Under inference: soluble salt
(II)
-under test:Divide into 2 portions solution C+dil HNO3+dil AgNO3+Excess
NH3(aq) solution
-under observation:white precipitate,white precipitate dissolves in
excess ammonia
-under inference:Cl^-1 is present,Cl^-1 is confirmed
(III)
-under test:Solution C+dil NaOH + Warm
-under observation:Colourless gas evolved with irritating smell,which
turns moist red litmus paper to blue and form a white dense fume with
conc HCL
-Under inference:NH3 gas from NH4+
(IV)
-under test:Sol C+ dil Bacl2
-under observation:white precipitate
-under inference:So4^2-,HCO3,CO3^2,SO3^2 are suspected
(V)
-under test:+dil hcl (excess)
-under observation:white precipitate dissolves
-under inference:SO4^2- is present
(VI)
-under test:sol c+NaOH in drop + in excess
-under observation:white precipitate,precipitate dissolves/soluble
-under inference:Ca^2+,Zn^2+,Al^3+,Pb^2,Zn^2+,Al^3+,Pb^2+ present
(VII)
-under test:sol c + NH3(aq)+in drop+in excess
-under observation:white ppt (precipitate),white precipitate dissolves
-under inference:Al^3+,Pb^2+,Zn^2+,Zn^2+ is present
Aliter
Cn=NH4cl and 2nSO4
Titration Equation
2HCl+Na2CO3——>2Nacl+H20+CO2(g)
na=2 mole
nb=1 mole
Volume of pipette=25cm^3
THE SUMMARY OF 2014 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE PRACTICALS SPECIMEN & EXPECTED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIMEN
Specimen A. = Clay soil
Specimen B. = Sandy soil
Specimen C. = Millipede
Specimen D. = Cow dung
Specimen E = urea
Specimen F. = N.P.K 15,15,15
Specimen G. = Water
Specimen H. = Spears
Specimen I. = Sickles
specimen J = knapsack sprayer
Specimen K = wheel barrow
specimen. L = Tridax
specimen. M. = Carpet grass
Specimen. N. = Water leaf
Specimen. O. = Sugar cane
Specimen. P. = Sour dust
Specimen. Q. = Round worm
Specimen. R. = Bird
Specimen. S. = Liver of a ruminant animal
specimen. T. = Heart of a ruminant animal
Specimen A :- specimen A is a clay soil because it has all the
properties of a Clay in a sample of soil.
PROPERTIES/CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SPECIMEN A
1. It has sticky and mouldy particles when wet.
2. There particles are fone power and smooth when dry.
3. It support water logging.
4. It has high water holding capacity .
5. It is poorly aerated .
6. The particles are tightly bound together with little pure (air) 8
paces.
IMPORTANCE/USES OF SPECIMEN A
1. It is the best soil for establishment of fish ponds.
2. It is also used for moulding of mud pots.
3. It can also be used for other agribusiness activities such as forest
establishment .
4. It is also used for the building of houses.
NOTE:
1. Soil texture is the relative properties of sand,silt and clay
in the soil.
2. Soil structure is the percentage or proportion of different soil
seperated in a given soil sample .
SPECIMEN B
Specimen B is a sandy soil because it has the proportions of sand
particles .
PROPERTIES / XTERS OF SPECIMEN B
1. It is coarse granied and gritty .
2. It does not support water logging .
3. It is not sticky when wet.
4. It absorbs and loses water easily .
5. It contains low nutrients.
METHODS OF IMPROVING SPECIMEN B & A
1. By mulching
2. by planting of cover crops.
3. Avoid bush burning .
4. Application of manure .
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF SPECIMEN B
1. It is useful in building construction.
2. It is good for the cultivation of few crops such as
cassava,groundnut etc.
3. It is also use for the production of glasses and ceramics.
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN SPECIMEN A & B.
1. They all have soil samples
2. They are used for agricultural purposes .
3. They all consists of soil micro organism.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SPECIMEN A & B
Under specimen A
1. It support water logging .
2. It has highly water holding capacity .
3. It is poorly aerated
4. it does not support beaching .
5. It does not lose water easily .
Under specimen B
1. It does not support water logging .
2. It has low water holding capacity .
3. It is well aerated
4. it support beaching
5. it loses water easily .
DETERMINATION OF THE TEXT OF SPECIMEN A & B.
1. By feeling
2. moulding
3. sieving
4. hydrometer method
5. by sedimentation .
COMPONENTS OF SPECIMEN A & B
1. Air
2. Soil micro-organisms
3. water
4. Mineral salts
SPECIMEN C = MILLIPEDE
specimen C is millipede
xters/features of specimen C
1. Possession of body segments.
2. Possession OF jointed legs.
3. Presence of antenna
4. possession of stink gland spores .
*Kingdom of specimen C is Animelia .
*phylum of specimen C is Arthropida .
*class of specimen C is Insecta .
*family of specimen C is diplopoda .
ECONOMIC. IMPORTANCE OF SPECIMEN C
1. It reduces the market value of food crops such as yam .
2. It is medicinal in nature .
3. It mixed organic matters and the soil together .
4. It is also used for scientific research purposes.
SPECIMEN = D
specimen D is cow dung .
SOURCES OF SPECIMEN D
1. Cattle
2. goat
3. Sheep
4. Pig
5. Birds (fowl )
6. Rabbit
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF SPECIMEN. D
1. It returns nutrients to the soil.
2. It also improves soil structure and texture .
3. It prevents soi erosion .
4. It encourages the activities of soil micro-organisms .
5. A source of income .
6. It has buffering effects on the soil.
NOTES:
1. The drugs from poultry is richer than all dungs from other
farm animals followed by the dungs from rabbit .
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